On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Baker Island Howland Island . In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. (New York, 2006), 179. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. 5 0 obj ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 20. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 43. United States--Foreign relations, - Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> David Rumsey Map Collection. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . Acquisitions Incorporated | Forgotten Realms Wiki | Fandom 16. and Germany, Leased from Panama But those familiar borders only held for four years. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 47. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain 41. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. Mergers and acquisitions in the U.S. - statistics & facts To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. Arguments for U.S. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. - Shattuc, W. B. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. Imperialism and the United States Alaska Hawaii Reasons In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Has the organization manage. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Hi 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). 203. Please see attached document for assignments needed. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Discussion Board 5 12 Its not only the Philippines. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain endobj This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. 286,541. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. Bicknell, Edward. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 18. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. 30. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. 1. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. At upper left margin: No. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Mexican Cession. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. 15. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 529,189. 27. Mexican Cession. . 1848. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. Oregon Territory. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 9. 42. Those examples are merely suggestive. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. But those familiar borders only held for four years. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Boston, Small, Maynard & company. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. 35. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Title from title sheet. Islands. United States--Territorial expansion. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. analyze this Document (notes). United States Acquisitions and Leadership Task 2 It set the Philippines free. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. I prefer the term Greater United States, just so as to avoid confusion with Herbert E. Boltons influential notion of the Greater America, intended to encompass all of the Americas within a single analytical frame. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. (William B.) All instructions are in the template file. United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. 5. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. 29,670. 38. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Its not hard to see why book jacket designers are so fond of that trope, as it actually captures a great deal of the argument. 10. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama Acquisitions of US Territory, 1783-1853 - etc.usf.edu United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. endobj % United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Annexation of independent republic. 4. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. The question of territory was there from the start. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico.