PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology 1. National Library of Medicine The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Reimagining Medical Education in the Age of AI, Steven A. Wartman, MD, PhD and C. Donald Combs, PhD. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. It emphasises four key ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are shared by most ethical theories, and blends these with virtues and practical wisdom. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. Chan School of Public Health. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. This basic form of consequentialism holds an action as ethical if and only if it produces more beneficial/pleasure-causing outcomes than negative/pain-causing ones. It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma: A person should choose the action that maximises good consequences. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. Especially in India the incidence of birth defects, cancers and diseases related to skin, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver are several times more dominant than any other communities.8 The river drainage has significant influence on the land use and socio-economic fabric of the basin. 1-2.) Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. Use and Significance of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital Emergencies: A Phenomenological Approach. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. Ethical theories (1) The correct moral decision or response is made by: Consequentialism: considering the outcomes, or consequences, of the act, NOT its intentions or motives. Join us! Hand outs and case studies given in class for Exam 2 March 21, 2017. http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data. Medium. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub L No. (2). From a consequentialist point of view it doesnt matter who commits the murder, merely the amount of lives lost in the end, so Jim would be just as responsible for the deaths as the captain is surely an absurd outcome. PDF "Principlism" and frameworks in public health ethics - NCCHPP The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Frontiers | On Consequentialism and Fairness VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. Utilitarianism: Strengths & Weaknesses - VIVA Open Publishing Calculating Consequences:The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine - PubMed Epub 2021 May 4. Accessed July 17, 2018. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. As there is a buzz of chatter and activity presently in Trinidad and Tobago's ' gangland' one cannot dismiss the propensity of consequentialism surfacing. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. 7. But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Automated depression diagnosis based on facial dynamic analysis and sparse coding. Is it better to give my money to charity or spend it studying medicine so I can save lives? The Pros and Cons of Consequentialism - Cambridge Core Patient privacy. Their justification is that this action would produce the most overall welfare.. Keywords: All Rights Reserved. Accessed October 26, 2018. Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. Nicole Martinez-Martin, JD, PhD is a postdoctoral fellow at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics in Stanford, California. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. The .gov means its official. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the local National Research Ethics Committee. PMC So, to decide whether or not to take some step, we must calculate whether it will produce the best overall outcome for the highest number of people. and transmitted securely. LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and (except on the iOS app) to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in PDF Advantages & Disadvantages of Consequential Ethics Consequentialism in scenario. In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. An example of consequentialism is utilitarianism. Indeed, no one can know the future with certainty. What is consequentialism? What are some examples? - Quora PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. One doctor speaking to the Business Insider claimed: "If you had, let's say, an ICU that was overwhelmed, you're probably going to try and give some extra attention to healthcare workers because you need them to deliver care," he said. The legal and ethical concerns that arise from using complex predictive analytics in health care. As what matters is only the end result, who is acting or how they arrive at the decisions they make is irrelevant. Ethical decision making in nurses. 124). Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. It is one of the main causes of preventable blindness in young children from developing countries. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. FRT in health care also raises ethical questions about privacy and data protection, potential bias in the data or analysis, and potential negative implications for the therapeutic alliance in patient-clinician relationships. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Epub 2015 Jan 6. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with . Information, consent, and informed consent. But if telling a lie would help save a person's life, consequentialism says it's the right thing to do. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. Nurses' experiences of providing ethical care to the patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological study. Employers might also be interested in using FRT tools to predict mood or behavior as well as to predict longevity, particularly for use in wellness programs to lower employers health care costs. The site is secure. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. In this case, they would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the 20 year old. 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. Indeed, many Application of Consequentialism and Rights Approach The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. Consequentialism is a theory that says whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Keeping to those rules ensures that. McCullom R. Facial recognition technology is both biased and understudied. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. Smart and Bernard Williams, 1973. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. Utilitarians claim that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness and that what is desirable is pleasure and the freedom from pain. Changes in the Earth's climate can affect public health, agriculture, water supplies, energy production and use, land use and development, and recreation. How can we perceive and address ethical challenges in public health practice and policy? https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). Chapter Four : Ethical Theories - Queensborough Community College Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. mHealthIntelligence. So by treating the individual as merely a means to an end, consequentialism may turn out to be self-defeating. Ethics in Health and Social Care - Why Are Ethics Essential for - UKCBC An official website of the United States government. Utilitarianism is a moral theory, which works as a form of consequentialism helps individuals to assess whether an action is good or bad. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Jordan Belfort (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in The Wolf of Wall Street is probably the popular idea of the . In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. According to this theory, it would be unethical for you to speed on an empty street at two oclock in the morning. Computer-based recognition of dysmorphic faces. Biom Technol Today. AWB. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. FOIA The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Recognition of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype with facial dysmorphology novel analysis. Consequentialism - Ethics Unwrapped 2018;12:300. Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. B what are the relative advantages and disadvantages - Course Hero Brittany Hollister, PhD and Vence L. Bonham, JD, Ethical Dimensions of Using Artificial Intelligence in Health Care. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. Again, consequentialism forces us to put our commitments second, regardless of how strongly we are connected to them or how much pleasure we derive from them. Nurs Ethics. Cachn-Prez JM, Gonzalez-Villanueva P, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Oliva-Fernandez O, Garcia-Garcia E, Fernandez-Gonzalo JC. Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. Is it ethical to allow some people to suffer so more people can live well? (Cf. You must explain the key principles of providing care, showing an understanding of the skills and attributes required by those professionals who meet the care and support needs of individuals. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. J Med Ethics. Surgical nurses' perceptions of ethical dilemmas, moral distress and quality of care. Epub 2014 Sep 24. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. Front Neurosci. 6 Biggest Pros and Cons of Utilitarianism | NYLN.org When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. Conseque. Sooner or later, after all diplomatic and political channels are exhausted to reach a solution, they begin to take up arms against the oppressor. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Would you like email updates of new search results? As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. One problem with the theory is that it can be hard to measure different benefits to decide which one is morally preferable. Balthazar P, Harri P, Prater A, Safdar NM. Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. What Are Important Ethical Implications of Using Facial Recognition In this chapter, we will begin by defining consequentialism, and contrasting it with deontology. Loos HS, Wieczorek D, Wrtz, RP, von der Malsburg C, Horsthemke B. Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Gnther M, et al. Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . Consequentialism refers to a group of ethical theories that hold an act or institution to be right if it yields the most desirable effects of consequences. . Examining hospital staff members' preferences for allocating a ventilator to a COVID-19 patient with and without Alzheimer's disease. Some machine learning systems need continuous data input to train and improve the algorithms22 in a process that could be analogized to quality improvement research, for which informed consent is not regarded as necessary.23 For example, to improve its algorithms, FRT for genetic diagnosis would need to receive new data sets of images of patients already known to have specific genetic disorders.2 To maintain trust and transparency with patients, organizations should consider involving relevant community stakeholders in implementing FRT and in decisions about establishing and improving practices of informing patients about the organizations use of FRT. Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Consequentialism - Logo of the BBC By continuing to browse the site with cookies enabled in your browser, you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. What is hedonism and how does it affect your health? - The Conversation Aggregative Consequentialism = which consequences are best is some function of the values of parts of those consequences (as opposed to rankings of whole worlds or sets of consequences). 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. This chapter outlines core characteristics of Utilitarianism and explores them with regard to their significance in healthcare settings. Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Utilitarianism Theory - Green Garage Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). One does not have to be a specialist in ethics to do so. Updated October 19, 2016. Parmar DN, Mehta BB. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Making consequentialism more appealing | Journal of Medical Ethics The issue here is that the advantages cannot balance out the likelihood of harm that would exist at the end of the day. moral judgments are supposed to be a matter of simple consequentialism: you add up how much suffering you think is caused by an action and balance it against the amount of good. What are the arguments against consequentialism? The consequence of consequentialism is that by taking an impersonal standpoint we alienate ourselves and whilst the consequentialist can argue that this should be a virtue, the expected result of unhappiness shows its inadequacy for this is a high price to pay for a view that values happiness. But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters.